By Sue Grice

Although the traditional pyramid concept of the Scales of Training clearly has a place within equestrianism, it is my contention that it does not provide the most helpful framework for applying the elements of the Scales. I would like to propose a different model—a Training Spiral.

Before going any further, consider for a moment what the word ”scale” actually means. It has various meanings in the English language, including:

• A set of marks or numbers used to measure the size or level of something.
• The relation between the real size of something and its size on a map or model.
• The relative level or extent of something. A machine or device for weighing people or things.
• A set of musical notes played in ascending or descending order.
• To climb something steep, such as a mountain or ladder.

While some of these meanings may appear irrelevant to training horses, all are worth a little thought. Most obviously, the idea of “scaling” something steep via a series of steps fits well with the pyramid structure many of us are familiar with. The notion of a scale as a means of measuring something, such as progress or attainment, also seems appropriate.

If you open a thesaurus and look up synonyms for the word “scales,” you will find some more interesting terms: balances, gauges, measures, gradations, hierarchies, tiers.

In my view, the scales used in training a horse should be more like the gentle gradations or tiers of a spiral than a series of steps leading straight up from the base to the peak of a pyramid. The idea of “scales” of music—often undertaken as a practice exercise—is also very suggestive. The spiral model that I propose is based upon the traditional Scales of Training but enables a more gradual progression from one tier to the next, as the horse’s training proceeds.

The basic idea of the Training Spiral is that you can progress through all the elements of the Scales in order (Rhythm, Suppleness, Contact, Impulsion, Straightness, Collection), without having to perfect each one before attempting the next. Instead, each element is completed to the degree that the horse can manage at his given level of training. As soon as one cycle of this training—one tier of the spiral—is completed, the next can begin—only in this new cycle (Tier 2), the degree of difficulty or quality expected is increased.

Riders of all levels and with different aims and ambitions can utilize the Training Spiral as it is applicable to anyone seeking to improve their horse’s way of going, even if they are not aiming as high as Grand Prix and even if they focus on a horse sport other than dressage. The Training Spiral can be applied over many different time frames—for example, over a five-minute section of a single training session, or over the period of a week’s training, or over the course of months of training.

As an example, consider the horse beginning at the bottom of the Spiral at Introductory Level. As his training progresses, he moves up the tiers of the spiral, improving each of the six elements of the Scales of Training in the following order (Rhythm, Suppleness, Contact, Impulsion, Straightness, Collection) to an acceptable degree for the stage the horse is training at, before progressing to the next tier. There he will again work to improve each of the six elements (in order), but this time to a higher degree of quality than he did in the previous tier.

This process is repeated again and again as the horse gradually improves and progresses by focusing on each of the elements of the Scales of Training, one at a time, and at an appropriate degree of difficulty for his level. In the case of the Introductory Level horse, each tier might take perhaps a year or so to establish to a satisfactory standard before progressing on to the next tier.

To repeat, at each level of the Spiral, the horse should be able to achieve a degree of Rhythm, Suppleness, Contact, Impulsion, Straightness, and Collection appropriate for the horse’s stage of training. Obviously, the degree of difficulty or quality expected is different at each level. For example, the degree of Collection shown by a horse at the Introductory Level may simply be that he is no longer “diving” onto his forehand, whereas when a horse is trained to a more advanced level, such as Grand Prix, you expect to see a much higher degree of Collection—for example, the ability to perform passage and piaffe.

The sequences of photographs on these pages demonstrate how this process of becoming more collected is an incremental development throughout the horse’s training and not just something that is only relevant to horses at an advanced stage of training.

This excerpt from The Training Spiral by Sue Grice is reprinted with permission from Trafalgar Square Books (www.HorseandRiderBooks.com).

There are more interesting articles in our sections on Health & Education and Books.

by Eleanor Kellon, VMD

SALT

A universal requirement for horses around the world is salt, primarily for sodium but chloride can also be deficient. The diet of all horses is deficient. Wait. If that’s true, how did horses survive without people to feed them salt? Feral horses make regular sojourns to areas with natural salt deposits where they stock up. Bone has a sizeable reservoir of sodium. In between, homeostatic mechanisms allow them to hold on to electrolytes in short supply. Left to their own devices, feral horses are perfectly content not to move at a pace beyond a walk so do not normally have excessive sweat losses. They are, however, at risk of severe dehydration if anything upsets this fragile balance.

Research has quantified what daily losses of sodium are and we also know how much is lost in sweat. There is no harm whatsoever in supplementing those losses as they occur to prevent the horse from going into negative balance. Doing so ensures optimal hydration, enhances digestion and mineral absorption, maintains normal nervous and muscular function.

OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS

In times of the year when fresh grass is not available, the horse's diet goes from one rich in omega-3 fatty acids (about half of their intake) to one with virtually none because these fragile fats do not survive long in cut and baled hay. Grains, brans, etc. are also low in omega-3s.

Omega-3 fatty acids are typically thought of as important to antiinflammatory balance but two studies have also shown supplementation boosts immune system responses in general. They are also pivotal in the development and health of the brain and eyes, and may influence behavior in young horses.

VITAMIN E

Vitamin E, abundant in fresh plant material, suffers the same fate as omega-3 fatty acids in hay. There are very real consequences to immunity, nerve and muscle function if ignoring vitamin E intake. Nutritional Russian roulette is not a good approach.

IN CONCLUSION

Those are the big three. Even if your horse is on a supplemented feed or a balancer you are probably not meeting requirements. A strong case can also be made for <em.selenium, iodine, zinc and copper in most areas but they are not quite as universal as omega-3s, vitamin E and salt.

Cheap Insurance!

This article originally appeared on Uckele Nutrition and is published here with permission.

There are lots of good articles in our section on Health & Education.