by Kentucky Equine Research Staff

One of the most frustrating insects for horse owners is a midge identified as Culicoides. Tiny and prone to swarming, these midges, sometimes called no-see-ums or punkies, can be relentless in their biting, often leading to persistent skin wounds.

Midges seem to prefer certain regions of the horse, including the mane, tail, and belly. Bites incurred by midges are sufficiently annoying, but the problem extends beyond mere aggravation. Many horses are allergic to the saliva of insects, creating areas of pruritis, or intense itching. Infected horses will use fixed objects such as fence posts, stall walls, or trees to scratch their manes and tails. Clever horses will straddle automatic waterers so they can relieve the discomfort on their bellies.

Aside from extreme itching, clinical signs of Culicoides-associated skin problems include broken hair or patchy hair loss, scaling, or oozing lesions. The lesions are often painful from the onset but become more so as they age. These symptoms are sometimes collectively referred to as sweet itch.

Treatment goals include controlling itchiness, treating secondary bacterial infections, and reducing exposure to midges. Because midges are most active just prior to and at dusk, one approach to reducing exposure would be to bring horses into a stall with a heavy air current, which is possible through the use of fans. Consultation with a veterinarian is always wise when confronted with a skin problem, and many horses with infection will require medication.

From a nutritional perspective, supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids is helpful.

“Many veterinarians and horse owners believe that daily supplementation with an omega-3 supplement helps tremendously with the itchiness and inflammation involved in Culicoides-related skin disease,” said Catherine Whitehouse, M.S., a nutrition advisor with Kentucky Equine Research (KER). “Omega-3s help control body-wide inflammation, and this might be one reason horses find a certain measure of relief when fed long-chain fatty acids.”

Fish oils are direct sources of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are the most useful omega-3 fatty acids in terms of conferring health benefits. For optimal omega-3 supplementation, choose a marine-derived product, such as EO-3.

Reprinted courtesy of Kentucky Equine Research. Kentucky Equine Research is an international equine nutrition, research, and consultation company serving horse owners and the feed industry. Our goals are to advance the industry's knowledge of equine nutrition and exercise physiology, apply that knowledge to produce healthier, more athletic horses, and support the nutritional care of all horses throughout their lives. Learn more at Kentucky Equine Research.

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by Kentucky Equine Research Staff

A new study found that CBD and two of its derivatives decreased pain scores and improved inflammation in horses with chronic osteoarthritis.^*

In the study, 24 horses diagnosed with chronic osteoarthritis localized to one or more joints were supplemented with either CBDA or a combination of CBG/CBD once daily for 14 days. CBDA (cannabidiolic acid), CBD (cannabidiol), and CBG (cannabigerol) are compounds derived from hemp (Cannabis sativa). These compounds, unlike tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), have anti-inflammatory and antihyperalgesic (pain-reducing) properties that decrease the response and perception of pain, according to previous studies.

“Several studies of CBD and its derivatives in horses have been published recently with some studies supporting their efficacy. These researchers postulated that the therapeutic use of CBD has become increasingly popular due to the perception of being ‘natural’ treatment among pet owners,” explained Catherine Whitehouse, M.S., a Kentucky Equine Research nutritionist.

Physiologic parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure) were measured, and the Horse Chronic Pain Scale was applied each day of the 14-day study. This pain scale uses a series of 15 questions to assess various aspects of a horse’s behavior to calculate a total pain scare (maximum score of 45). Additionally, blood samples were collected and analyzed at the start of the study prior to supplementation and again on days 7 and 14.

No changes in physiologic variables were identified during this study. Pain scores, however, decreased significantly in both groups of horses. In the horses supplemented with CBDA, pain scores decreased from 10 at the start of the study to 5 by day three, and to 3 by day 10, which persisted for the duration of the study. In the CBG/CBD group, pain scores decreased from 11 at the start of the study to 6 by day seven and then to 5 from days 10 to 14.

“It is interesting to note here that CBDA had an earlier onset of action than CBG/CBD,” Whitehouse said.

In addition to the improvement in pain scores, the number of white blood cells (leukocytes) decreased. The researchers explained this could indicate a decrease in the inflammatory process.

No adverse effects were observed during the treatment period.

“These results suggest CBD, CBDA, and CBG can help improve signs of chronic pain in horses with osteoarthritis,” said Whitehouse. “Additional studies are needed to determine how these compounds are metabolized by the horse.”

Because osteoarthritis is a major cause of lameness in horses, frequently resulting in early retirement, identifying strategies capable of improving joint comfort and decreasing pain are imperative. In addition to Cannabis products and phenylbutazone, another way of managing osteoarthritis includes offering oral joint health supplements. One caveat: despite their potential to relieve pain, CBD-containing products are prohibited in competition.

“Kentucky Equine Research offers several joint supplements, including those containing marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids. These fatty acids help support joint health by promoting a healthy inflammatory response,” advised Whitehouse. Suitable research-proven products include EO-3 or ReSolvin EQ.

Further, Synovate HA added to your performance horse’s diet will support the health of their joints and their athletic careers.

^*Aragona, F., M. Tabbì, E. Gugliandolo, C. Giannetto, F. D’Angelo, F. Fazio, and C. Interlandi. 2024. Role of cannabidiolic acid or the combination of cannabigerol/cannabidiol in pain modulation and welfare improvement in horses with chronic osteoarthritis. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 11:1496473.

Reprinted courtesy of Kentucky Equine Research. Kentucky Equine Research is an international equine nutrition, research, and consultation company serving horse owners and the feed industry. Our goals are to advance the industry's knowledge of equine nutrition and exercise physiology, apply that knowledge to produce healthier, more athletic horses, and support the nutritional care of all horses throughout their lives. Learn more at Kentucky Equine Research.

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Roaring in horses is not just a loud, raspy noise made during exercise; it is an issue in the upper airway that restricts airflow and can limit performance in large breed horses such as Thoroughbreds, Standardbreds, and warmbloods. Ontario Veterinary College associate professor of Large Animal Surgery, Taralyn McCarrel, is seeking to develop a surgical procedure that could revolutionize the treatment of tie-back surgery, offering new hope for affected horses.

Roaring, or recurrent laryngeal neuropathy, is a condition where one of the nerves controlling the muscles of the throat becomes dysfunctional. This commonly results in paralysis of the left arytenoid cartilage.

McCarrel provides a quick anatomy lesson, comparing the trachea to a castle, “The airway is made-up of two cartilages called the arytenoids.  The arytenoids close like doors to cover the trachea, and then the epiglottis is like the drawbridge that comes up and covers them.”  With recurrent laryngeal neuropathy, the control to open the doors is abnormal and overwhelmingly, it is most common that the left side becomes affected.

When the nerve fails, the muscle atrophies and the horse struggles to open the left door of the airway because it lacks the stimulus to contract.  Due to the inability for the left arytenoid to be held open, the tissue is left flapping and causes the ‘roaring’ noise. The laryngeal neuropathy puts a limitation on the volume of air available for oxygen exchange which can significantly impact the horse’s exercise tolerance, causing them to tire quickly.

McCarrel points out, “This condition is long recognized, with scientific reports dating back to before the formal establishment of veterinary medicine.”  Affected horses often exhibit signs of nerve abnormalities throughout their bodies, though these do not have observable consequences aside from the paralysis of important laryngeal muscles. The most noticeable sign is the loud noise produced during exercise if there is a limitation in airflow. 

Prevalence and Affected Breeds

Roaring is most common in large breed horses, with draught horses estimated around 33% prevalence. Thoroughbreds have a lower prevalence, ranging from 2% to 8%, while warmbloods are also affected. The condition is often detected early in racehorses due to routine scoping, but in warmbloods, it may go unnoticed until they are older and working harder. Interestingly, some high-level dressage horses can have a completely paralyzed arytenoid cartilage yet make minimal noise, possibly due to head position, speculates McCarrel.

Tie Back Surgery

Prosthetic laryngoplasty, commonly known as tie back surgery, is the current gold standard for treating roaring.  This involves making an incision under the horse’s neck and suturing the paralyzed cartilage to keep the airway open.  Incisional healing typically takes 10-14 days.  McCarrel recommends at 30 days post-surgery the horse is scoped to ensure proper healing.  

Some surgeons recommend waiting six weeks for the position of the arytenoid cartilage to stabilise following tie back surgery.   McCarrel explains, “We try and put the cartilage in a certain open position but there’s a strong tendency for it to collapse back to some degree and there’s some reset.  Most horses will settle at their final position around six weeks.”

Success rates vary widely in literature with non-racehorses generally having a better prognosis due to their lower dependence on maximum sprint-level athletic effort.

Limitations of the Current Tie-Back Procedure and New Ideas

The tie-back procedure, performed to improve airflow in horses with one-sided laryngeal paralysis, has shown varying outcomes that may be influenced by the surgeon’s skill. While the complication rate is not extremely high, searching for new ways to minimize complications and optimize results increases the likelihood of horses returning to optimal performance.

One of the most common complications is the arytenoid cartilage not staying as open as intended. McCarrel says, “If we model airflow, then in theory we need to get 88% of maximum to be able to return airflow to be similar to normal.”
Many horses will fall below this threshold, raising questions if they can reach their full competition or racing potential.

The current tie-back procedure involves sutures that can stretch, slip, or cut into the cartilage (causing a loose loop), leading to inconsistent results. “The back of the cartilage we tie the arytenoid cartilage flap to is very thin,” says McCarrel citing another challenge of the current surgical approach.

It was while looking at a CT (computed tomographic image) of a skull, that went as far back as the larynx, that inspiration hit McCarrel.  Eyeing up the cricoid, which has thicker cartilage where it contacts the arytenoid cartilage, McCarrel conceived a surgical method that could do away with the knot and sutures and instead use a screw which could result in better stability.

McCarrel also saw the potential for this new surgery to become minimally invasive, only requiring a tiny incision, like what is used in arthroscopy.  This would minimize soft tissue trauma that can interfere with the lining of the esophagus, which most often occurs when placing sutures.  “If we can place this screw through a little stab incision, we can potentially avoid impinging on and potentially damaging the muscles and nerves in that area,” hypothesizes McCarrel.  This could reduce some of the less common complications of tie back surgery like chronic cough or dysphasia (feed entering airways), abnormal swallowing leading to lower airway contamination and reflux of saliva from the esophagus.

Step One
The initial step, already published, demonstrated the ability to CT the equine throat and produce models for measuring the desired parameters. The dimensions of pinsand screws were also modeled to ensure they could fit across the targeted area.

Step Two
Phase two was performed by McCarrel’s former resident creating models with a screw rather than suture holding arytenoid cartilage open to the thicker cricoid cartilage.  It was then exposed to negative pressures in an airflow chamber for basic proof of concept.

Next Steps and Use of CT

The next step, funded by Equine Guelph, aims to develop a minimally invasive surgery for positioning cartilage through a tiny incision. The current project involves modeling the shape and size of horse airways to create inserts that fit over standard intubation tubes.  Via the mouth, these inserts will push the arytenoid cartilage into the desired position, as confirmed on CT prior to surgery.

This requires CT scans of many specimens to create models and determine the number of different inserts needed. The goal is to select the appropriate size insert for each horse during surgery, ensuring precise abduction and opening.

Future steps will include developing an approach and guide to pre-plan screw size and exact placement to ensure accuracy and avoid going into the airway.

Introducing CT (computed tomographic) 3-D guidance will be a key component to the development of a less invasive procedure.  “We can do all the planning before we make the incision,” says McCarrel, “so when it comes time to do the actual surgery, the surgical approach will be very small, and the surgical time will be short.”

“For years now we’ve had this move in human surgery to increase the amount of imaging guidance in order to have smaller incisions, more precise and minimally invasive surgery,” says McCarrel.

This new approach aims to provide more accurate implant placement with less disruption of muscles and nerves in the larynx, minimize complications and improve outcomes for horses with laryngeal paralysis.

This article originally appeared on Equine Guelph, The University of Guelph" and is published here with permission.

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by Kentucky Equine Research Staff

It’s a rare horse that hasn’t been transported at some time in its life. Changing owners, competing in a show, going to a trail ride, working with a trainer, and moving to and from the racetrack are all situations that require the horse to be moved, usually by float or truck but sometimes by airplane. Most horses learn that being transported is not a big deal, but just because they accept travel with outward calm does not mean they don’t feel stress as a consequence of the experience.

Researchers have identified at least 25 different physical, psychological, and environmental components of travel that can create stress in horses.

Aside from humans, horses are the second most common creatures to be transported by air. During a long flight or extended road trip, a horse can easily lose 5% or more of its body weight. Most gain the weight back quickly if they are allowed to rest, eat, and drink after the trip.

Travel sickness, a respiratory infection, was once quite common in horses that had been transported for more than a few hours. It is less frequently diagnosed now that owners have learned that horses should be allowed to lower their heads as they travel. This posture allows natural drainage of fluids, dust, and bacteria from the respiratory passages, minimizing the risk of infection. Even if horses travel with their heads unrestricted, they should be watched for signs of respiratory disease for a day or two after arriving at their destination.

Some amount of dehydration is hard to prevent, even if water is offered at intervals. Horses often just won’t drink during transport or at rest stops. If a horse refuses to drink at the beginning of a rest stop, water should continue to be offered at intervals throughout the break. Bringing water from home and offering it with a flavoring agent such as Drink-Up™ in a familiar bucket may get better results. When horses refuse to drink, it can be very frustrating for owners and can lead to dehydration.

KER Drink-Up is a scientifically formulated, highly palatable blend of ingredients that encourages horses to drink. Field studies have shown that 90% of horses offered Drink Up increased their water intake. Drink-Up includes electrolytes to help further stimulate the thirst response.

Encouraging your horse to drink enough water when traveling, competing, or during an illness is crucial in preventing dehydration and associated effects on the horse. Drink-Up is an essential tool for encouraging your horse to drink to the bottom of the bucket.

At the end of the trip, horses should be unloaded, examined for signs of illness or injury, and then allowed to rest in a stable or paddock for several hours. A half-hour of hand-walking and grazing will help horses stretch and relax before they are put in stables or yards. Owners should provide plenty of hay and water and should watch for normal intake and also manure production. Grain can be offered after a few hours, with several smaller meals being preferable to large grain feeds. If a horse refuses to eat or drink, doesn’t pass manure within two or three hours, or shows signs of illness or discomfort, a veterinarian should be consulted. It may take horses several days to regain lost weight and fluids after an extended trip. Signs of illness also might not be seen immediately, so horses should be checked for normal temperature, pulse, and respiration for a day or two following travel.

Reprinted courtesy of Kentucky Equine Research. Kentucky Equine Research is an international equine nutrition, research, and consultation company serving horse owners and the feed industry. Our goals are to advance the industry's knowledge of equine nutrition and exercise physiology, apply that knowledge to produce healthier, more athletic horses, and support the nutritional care of all horses throughout their lives. Learn more at Kentucky Equine Research.

There a more informative articles in our section on Health & Education. While you're here be sure to visit our Curated Amazon Store.

“In the equine industry, true biosecurity is hard to achieve because horses move around a lot, and many diseases are always present,” says Ontario Veterinary College infectious disease specialist Dr. Scott Weese. “However, it's still important to try to prevent diseases from entering and to have plans in place to manage any outbreaks.”With frequent horse movements, endemic pathogens and emerging diseases, there is a need for improved understanding and motivation to adopt better infection control practices.

Infection control begins in the barn and works best when the focus is pro-active rather than reactive. This includes having an access management plan, proper quarantine protocols for new and returning horses, and training EVERYONE who comes on to the property or handles the horses.

Access Management

Controlling how horses, humans, equipment and vehicles can move into and around your farm are all aspects of access management aimed to reduce the transmission of pathogens. 

Access management begins at the entrance, where a training facility may use fencing and gated entries to restrict access to the stables and training areas, ensuring only authorized personnel can enter.  Procedures at controlled access points such as hand sanitizing and boot cleaning help prevent the spread of infections.  Both staff and service providers need to be made aware of any infection control measures in place.  Clean outerwear that has not been worn to another barn are also recommended to prevent potential spread of disease.

A sign in procedure can be made mandatory for visitors.  A log can be helpful to help trace the problem in the event of a disease outbreak. Providing guided tours can ensure they do not enter restricted areas.  Additional signage can let visitors know where they can and cannot go.

Controlled access zones can designate specific areas for different activities, such as quarantine zones for new arrivals and separate zones for resident horses, with controlled access points to manage movement.

Isolation/Quarantine

When horses return home or new horses arrive, such as from a sale, it is a good idea to implement quarantine and/or isolation protocols.  Ideally this involves housing in a separate building away from your resident horses, but it may be the end of an aisle with several empty stalls in between. 

New and returning horses are kept separate and monitored for at least 14 days.  This involves twice daily temperature checks and health checks including watching water consumption, appetite, urination, manure and any signs of illness.

Turn out paddocks should also be away from other resident equines, especially if that includes higher risk horses like broodmares and foals.  

Effective quarantine includes using separate equipment for isolated or quarantined horses to avoid cross-contamination.  This includes water buckets, feed tubs, grooming equipment as well as wheelbarrows, brooms, pitchforks and other cleaning tools.  

Ideally, new and returning horses are handled by separate staff.  Otherwise, quarantined horses are worked with last & hands are washed before & after each interaction.  Strategically placed alcohol-based sanitizers can also be used.  If wash stations are limited, this makes it easier for staff and visitors to follow infection control protocols.  Disposable gloves, disposable shoe covers & protective clothing are also best practices.  Barn cats and other pets should not be allowed to enter the quarantine area.

If you have a number new or returning horses in quarantine and one shows signs of illness, it should be further separated into isolation and seen by a veterinarian ASAP.  Horses should remain in isolation until cleared by the vet, as the horse may have recovered from clinical signs but still be infectious.  Signage once again should alert unauthorized persons at the entrance of any areas used for isolation or quarantine.

Not Sharing is Caring and Hygiene Practices

Of course, those new or returning horses should be housed in a stall that has been both cleaned and disinfected prior to their arrival. 

Cleaning involves removing all visible manure, bedding and soil before washing the area with soap and water and then allowing it to dry.  Then apply a disinfectant such as Virkon or other disinfectant recommended by your veterinarian.  All disinfectants have strengths and weaknesses and are best used for specific purposes.   Bleach has drawbacks as hard water can affect its effectiveness, it can be inactivated by organic material, and it can be irritating to the horse.  Steer clear of pressure washers as they can aerosolize certain viruses. 

An often-misused step, if you will pardon the pun, is the foot bath.  One cannot just walk through without first going through the same routine as mentioned above, both cleaning and disinfecting.  First remove debris from the footwear, including the soles using a brush or hose to get all the dirt out of the treads.  Immerse the entire bottom of footwear in the disinfectant and scrub.  Following the contact time on the product label is important and a dirty footbath does little in the way of boosting biosecurity.  Then wash your hands.  Other options include dedicated footwear and disposable shoe covers.

Hand hygiene cannot be overstated as one of the most important infection control measures.  Best practices on application time for the soap or alcohol-based sanitizer is 20 – 30 seconds.

Everyone knows not to share communal water, but it is also important not to become blasé about biosecurity when it comes to filling or refilling water buckets. Submersing a hose from one bucket to the next or letting it touch the buckets can be a free ride for a pathogen looking for its next host.  So instead of multi-tasking while filling buckets, one could be enjoying a beverage with their free hand.

Not sharing should extend beyond grooming equipment to tack, pads, blankets, and of course medical supplies like syringes, needles and dewormers.

More disease prevention measures include minimizing the presence of rodents and insects by keeping feed secure, eliminating standing water and regular removal of manure from stalls and paddocks and as well as management of manure storage areas.

Vaccination

Vaccination is a crucial aspect of equine healthcare, but vaccines do not provide immediate protection; it can take days or weeks for a horse to develop optimal immunity after vaccination, so timing is very important.  Planning ahead will allow vaccines to be given well in advance of the next stressor such as travelling or competition. 

While no vaccine boasts 100% immunity, horse owners can rest assured that they are taking proactive steps to maintain their horse’s health, minimizing the risk of unexpected veterinary expenses.  Vaccines significantly reduce the risk of disease which means if a vaccinated horses does get sick, they will generally experience milder symptoms and recover more quickly.

Working closely with a veterinarian to develop and maintain a vaccination program is an important step for optimal equine health.  In addition to core vaccinations, your vet will know what diseases are endemic and emerging in your region or regions you will be travelling to.   The frequency of your vaccinations or boosters will depend on a number of factors including special circumstances, such as an extended vector season or even a significant wound if it is incurred over 6 months after a Tetanus shot.  The length of your competition season may also necessitate a booster of certain shots to maintain optimal immunity. 

Emerging Diseases

Infection control specialist Dr. Weese says, “Understanding potential mechanisms of transmission is the basis of any infection control or biosecurity program.”

Most diseases in horses are caused by pathogens that mainly infect horses. They can spread continuously without needing long-term hosts (like the equine flu virus).  They can remain in the horse without causing symptoms for a long time (like Strangles). Some cause infections that can come back at any time (like equine herpesvirus).  Others may be part of the normal bacteria in horses but can cause disease if given the chance (like staphylococci and Enterobacteriaceae).

Horses can spread these germs even if they seem healthy, before showing symptoms, after recovering, or as part of their normal bacteria. This makes it hard to identify which horses are infectious. Some symptoms, like fever and diarrhea, strongly suggest an infection, but any horse can potentially spread germs. Therefore, it’s important to have strong infection control practices to manage the risk.

In 2024, the Equine Disease Communication Center (EDCC) reported 577 Alerts for 813 confirmed cases of disease in North America. The most frequently reported disease was Strangles with 186 cases. Because Strangles is not reportable in all states or provinces the disease is likely much more prevalent than reported to the EDCC. Other frequently reported illnesses include: 153 West Nile Virus (WNV), 125 Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE), 109 Equine Infectious Anemia, 73 Equine Herpesvirus- Neurologic, 8 Equine Herpesvirus- Respiratory, 34 Equine Influenza.

1. Strangles: A bacterial infection caused by Streptococcus equi, leading to swollen lymph nodes and respiratory issues. It is highly contagious and spread through contact. This could be nose-to-nose between horses or via contaminated surfaces or equipment such as: shared halters, lead shanks, cross ties, feed tubs, stall walls, fencing, clothing, hands, the hair coat from other barn pets, grooming tools, water buckets, communal troughs.
   After an outbreak, cleaning should involve removal of all organic material from surfaces and subsequent disinfection of water containers, feeders, fences, stalls, tack and trailers.
2. West Nile Virus (WNV): a mosquito-borne virus leading to neurological issues such as inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. WNV can be fatal and survivors can have residual neurological deficits for a period of months to permanent disability.
3. Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE): another virus transmitted by mosquitos Eighty to ninety percent of infected horses develop acute and fatal neurologic disease.
4. Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA): is a blood-bourne virus which can be transmitted by insects, medical equipment or passed from mare to foal in utero. With no treatment or cure, horses confirmed positive by a Coggins test can be quarantined for the rest of their life but are usually euthanized.
5. Equine Herpesvirus (EHV): This virus had multiple strains and can cause both abortion and neurologic symptoms. Spread via aerosol particles from nasal discharge or from contaminated surfaces. There are vaccines for respiratory and abortive strains but not the neurologic form of EHV-1 (EHM).

These diseases highlight the importance of biosecurity and vaccination in managing equine health.  Tetanus, Rabies, West Nile Virus and Eastern Equine Encephalitis are core vaccinations recommended by veterinarians.

In February 2025, Equine Guelph partnered with the Equine Disease Communication Center (EDCC), to help horse owners assess and manage infectious disease risks with the relaunch of Equine Guelph’s Biosecurity Risk Calculator (TheHorsePortal.com/BiosecurityTool). The interactive free tool is Equine Guelph’s tool of the month for May, and it is full of useful information from quarantine protocols, best practices for cleaning, and easy to understand practical access management tips. In just 10 minutes, you can assess and minimize biosecurity threats for your barn.

“Applying routine and basic biosecurity is the best way to prevent infectious diseases,” says Dr. Nathaniel White the Director of the EDCC. “This includes isolation of new horses introduced to facilities, monitoring horses’ temperature and preventing horse to horse contact while traveling and keeping vaccinations up to date. Being aware of disease prevalence using information from the EDCC and the updated Biosecurity Risk Calculator” can help owners use management practices to decrease disease risk.” 

Visit Equine Guelph’s free tool at Biosecurity TheHorsePortal.com/BiosecurityTool

Equine Infection Control Measures During Transport

Pre-transport preparations entail more than just having your paperwork in order.

Taking the time to clean and disinfect the trailer or make sure the trailer you have hired always cleans between loads is of paramount importance.  If the trailer smells like horses, it was not adequately cleaned.  Perform a horse health check before you leave the property.  It is not worth the gamble to stress a horse with travel when it is ‘not-quite right’. 

Being particular about your horses traveling companions is just as important as the cleanliness of the trailer.  Avoid travelling with horses from other locations as being in close quarters increases the risk of picking up an infectious disease.

Tie the horse loosely if possible.  Horses tied short are less ability to lower their head to clear mucus.  Allowing freedom of head movement can reduce stress and the bacterial load in the airways.  Similarly, hay nets that are hung high, encouraging a high head position, and introducing dust and debris, can challenge mucous clearance.

Ventilation is another important consideration as improving air exchange can reduce the dust and mold spores hanging in the air.  Drafts on the other hand can blow particles around in the trailer.

Many prefer shipping in leather halters because they will break in an emergency but there is a biosecurity benefit too as they are easier to clean.  Bacteria can linger in the webbing of polyester halters.

Biosecurity is just as important on the road and when visiting other venues. Disease is easily spread through equipment sharing.  While visiting venues off the farm be sure to bring your own broom and shovel for cleaning your trailer.  Be sure to pack a thermometer along with your tack and other equipment.  Clean & disinfect your equipment when you get ready to leave your off-site location.

Upon returning to the home farm, the cycle begins again, monitoring horses for possible delayed onset of symptoms.

To ensure effective infection control, it is crucial to maintain a proactive approach starting right in the barn with a plan. Implementing access management, enforcing proper quarantine protocols for new and returning horses, and thoroughly training everyone who enters the property or handles the horses are essential steps. By taking these practical steps, we can significantly reduce the risk of infections and promote a healthier environment for all.

Bio: Dr. Scott Weese, veterinary internal medicine specialist and the chief of infection control at the University of Guelph’s Ontario Veterinary College.

This article originally appeared on Equine Guelph The University of Ontario, Canada, and is published here with permission.

You can find more informative articles in our section on Health & Education.

By Juliet M. Getty, Ph.D.

If we were to visit about your horse’s health, the first thing I would ask of you is to describe your horse’s typical day. I’d want to know how much space he has, if he’s locked inside a stall all day, it he gets exercise, if he has a buddy, if he has freedom to run and buck and express himself. And I haven’t even asked a word about what he is eating!

Certainly, we need to talk about things like too much sugar, or not enough protein, or vitamins that are missing in his diet. But not just yet…

We must first address an aspect of his health that is so simple; it seems so trivial and unimportant, and hardly ever talked about. His DIGESTIVE TRACT. That’s what makes him happy! Why? Because if we don’t pay attention to this area, he will be in pain – it’s hard to smile when you’re in pain. If we don’t pay attention to what is living in his cecum and colon (hindgut), he will get ill easier, and it’s hard to buck and run when you’re sick. And, you may not be aware of this, but the intestines produce neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, the feel-good chemicals. Sick intestines? Unhappy horse.

To have a horse who enjoys life, you must pay attention to both his brain, and his digestive system. They are intertwined. Here are five important considerations to make this happen.

Offer companionship

Horses are never alone by choice. The protection of another herd member is a means of survival against threats, real or perceived. Without a companion, your horse may not sleep sufficiently. Yes, horses do nap standing up, but they require at least 20 minutes per day lying completely prone. Even a herd of two is fine; one horse is allowed to take a deep nap, while another watches over for predators. This is how horses survive. Sleep deprivation is a real threat to horses who are alone, and it can lead to many physical ailments.

Provide room to roam

Horses are naturally claustrophobic and when kept in a confined space, can feel anxious and fearful. When faced with a threat, horses do not stick around and fight; instead, they flee! Without an opportunity to do so, they internalize their fate and can develop negative behaviors and habits, and well as suppressed immune function. They frequently become mentally depressed, as well.

I realize that many horses need to be kept indoors for a variety of reasons. I know you love your horse, and I ask that you provide opportunities for him/her to be outdoors, with breaks in the day to graze, walk, and merely enjoy the fresh air as much as is feasible. Your horse will thank you.

Movement is critically important to prevent several health problems[1]. We all know the benefits of exercise, including weight management, increased bone mass, improved circulation of nutrients, and keeping the horse fit. But standing in one place can impact your horse’s mental well-being, potentially leading to unattractive and even dangerous behaviors.

Remove pain from the equation

Pain is miserable. One of the most common reasons for pain in unhappy horses is ulcers. The reason this is so prevalent has to do with the horse’s stomach physiology.[2] Your horse’s stomach secretes acid every minute of every day, even when empty. A horse who goes for more than two to three hours with nothing to chew on will more than likely develop an ulcer somewhere throughout the gastrointestinal tract.

Interestingly, a horse who is accustomed to living freely, and is suddenly placed in a stall, will develop a gastric ulcer within a week. This can happen, for example, when a horse is sent off to a facility for training. In my experience, these horses come back home in very poor condition, and it takes a lot of effort to get them back to health.

Ulcers are preventable. End of story. And not by giving a horse omeprazole like it is candy. The horse’s digestive tract is designed to have forage always flowing through it! Do we respect that? We are so afraid of our horses becoming overweight that we destroy their insides. Know this undeniable truth: Forage restriction is highly stressful. Stress = Cortisol production = Increase in Insulin = Body fat storage. I have written numerous articles on the subject that I hope you’ll take to heart.[3]

As a side note, you may want to evaluate your horse for potential ulcers by watching a video by Dr. Mark DePaolo on palpating acupuncture points.[4]

Pain from other sources can often be managed through providing nutraceuticals, instead of drugs.[5] Anti-inflammatory agents such as curcumin and Boswellia, and CBD[6] are worth trying. Avoid inflammatory foods such as soy (unless it is organic), soybean, corn and other vegetable oils (high in inflammatory omega 6s) and feeds high in preservatives.

Respect the horse’s instincts

When we see images of wild horses running free, we all experience the hush, the chill, and the awe of their power and magnificence. That is Nature at her best – allowing these incredible animals to live as they are intended. Why is it that we don’t see our own domesticated horses in the same way? Why is it that we think we can confine them to a small area for hours at a time, give them a few “square meals” each day and expect them to be normal, physically, and mentally? Are they not the same horse species that long ago lived a different life?

Interestingly, we don’t see endocrine-related laminitis when horses are wild and free to feed themselves. But we do see insulin resistance, and that’s a blessing in the wild. Insulin resistance is the body’s way of avoiding starvation. During a harsh winter, when the food supply is sparse, horses will hold on to body fat to help them endure the season. They do this by having an elevated blood insulin level. When insulin is high, the cells cannot release fat. This is a survival mechanism. We duplicate this scenario when we restrict forage. The horse responds the same way – he is in survival mode! And he holds on to body fat.

It takes time, sometimes lots of it, to overcome this “winter is coming” mentality that is created when hay is removed. It requires patience for their instincts to return. Know that it can happen.[7]

Offer whole foods to the diet

A whole food is one that is unadulterated or in its natural state; in other words, it has nothing added. There are no preservatives or fillers, so it’s whole in the sense that it is in the state nature intended. And with that comes all sorts of vitamins, proteins, and micronutrients.

Pasture grasses are the ultimate whole food. During growing seasons, they are rich in omega 3 fatty acids, vitamins C, D, and E, beta carotene, and prebiotics. Once cut, dried, and stored to make hay, however, the once healthy grasses now lose these precious nutrients, and supplementation is necessary.

If your horse’s main, or only source of forage is hay, then listen up! Hay is lousy nutritionally. Yes, it has some minerals, and some protein (though not of high quality), but your horse will develop nutritional deficiencies over time, age faster, and experience more degenerative conditions.

Whole foods are feedstuffs that you can offer to your horse to boost his overall health. Things like ground flaxseeds, chia seeds, and camelina oil (for omega 3s), hemp seeds (for protein quality), green bananas (for digestive and behavioral health), herbs (for digestive and immune health), colostrum (for leaky gut and inflammation)[8], as well as additional forages such as clean, organic alfalfa, sainfoin, and non-GMO beet pulp[9], can make your horse vibrantly healthy and happy.

Bottom line

The horse’s mind and the body are connected in such a way that what influences one has a dramatic impact on the other. Horses are very different than us, our pets, or even farm livestock, and those differences need to be honored. When we allow our equine friends to live in sync with their instincts and physiology, only then are we able to view their beautiful potential and majesty.

This article originally appeared on Getty Equine Nutrition and is published here with permission.

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by Kentucky Equine Research Staff

In addition to the host of intangibles involved in training horses, adding science to the mix may help improve a racehorse’s chance of success. According to a group of European researchers, measuring stride length and frequency—how far horses stretch their limbs and how fast they move their legs—during training could assist in race length selection.^*

To explore whether stride characteristics could help classify racehorses as sprinters or stayers, a wearable smart device was commissioned. The device recorded peak stride length and frequency as well as speed in a large cohort of racehorses during training sessions.

“In those race-speed training sessions, locomotory differences were detected, with sprinters having shorter strides of higher frequency than stayers,” explained Catherine Whitehouse, M.S., of Kentucky Equine Research.

In addition, peak stride length was found to be moderately heritable after reviewing three generations of pedigrees from included horses.

“A better understanding of individual stride characteristics could help racehorse professionals select suitable race distances, while also taking into account their own experience at placing racehorses in suitable meetings alongside other historical aspects of how racehorse conformation and pedigree information can influence such decisions,” according to the research team.

“In other words, not only will identifying whether a horse is more suited to shorter or longer races improve their chances of winning but also allow trainers to develop more specific training sessions,” Whitehouse noted. “Targeted training that considers speed, stride frequency and length, and biomarkers of fatigue may, in turn, promote longer careers and improve welfare on the track.”

Regardless of a Thoroughbred’s individual stride characteristics, all racehorses must withstand joint concussion during training and racing.

“Offer Synovate HA to keep those joints lubricated for friction-free movement and to maintain a healthy balance between cartilage growth and breakdown,” advised Whitehouse.

Synovate HA is a high molecular weight hyaluronic acid supplement that provides 100 mg per serving for targeted support to high-motion joints.

“A Kentucky Equine Research study showed horses supplemented with Synovate HA maintained their stride length during a high-speed treadmill training program compared to the control group,” she added.

^*Schrurs, C., S. Blott, G. Dubois, E. Van Erck-Westergren, and D.S. Gardner. 2022. Locomotory profiles in Thoroughbreds: peak stride length and frequency in training and association with race outcomes. Animals (Basel) 12(23):3269.

Reprinted courtesy of Kentucky Equine Research. Kentucky Equine Research is an international equine nutrition, research, and consultation company serving horse owners and the feed industry. Our goals are to advance the industry's knowledge of equine nutrition and exercise physiology, apply that knowledge to produce healthier, more athletic horses, and support the nutritional care of all horses throughout their lives. Learn more at Kentucky Equine Research.

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